Expedición ambiental Ampato 2022

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Expedición Ambiental Ampato 2022

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Expedición Ambiental Ampato 2022

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La expedición ambiental Ampato 2022 combinó un reto deportivo con una breve revisión científica in situ de los principales ecosistemas de la región de Arequipa (Perú) y de sus problemas ambientales más apremiantes. La duración de tan sólo dos semanas obligó a una rápida aclimatación para poder subir desde el nivel del mar a más de 5000 metros, en una de las regiones más secas y a la vez menos exploradas del planeta. A pesar de contar con lugares emblemáticos para el turismo como el valle del Colca, la vasta extensión de desiertos y pampas frías, así como la miríada de valles remotos y a gran altitud hacen de esta región un lugar tan hermoso como desconocido.

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En la expedición Ampato 2022, un equipo de cuatro personas recorrió a pie durante cuatro días un centenar de kilómetros para salvar más de 5000 metros de desnivel desde el mar hasta los pies del volcán Ampato. La mayor parte de ese recorrido se realizó corriendo lo cual sumado a que la mayor parte del trayecto discurrió entre 3000 y 5000 metros de altitud, hizo que no bastara con traer un buen estado físico de casa. Hubo que aclimatarse a la altitud y entrenar en altura, a lo cual nos dedicamos la primera semana de estancia en Perú, del 8 al 16 de enero. En la segunda semana logramos completar el 90% del recorrido previsto, aprovechando las ventanas climáticas que se abrían en las primeras horas de cada mañana. Estas ventanas terminaban hacia el mediodía cuando las nubes se cerraban, y las tormentas aparecían de repente por encima de los 3500 metros de altitud, trayendo nieve, fuertes vientos y aparato eléctrico por encima de los 4500. Esto nos impidió alcanzar la cumbre del Ampato (6280 m) pero pudimos disfrutar de excelentes vistas así como de magníficas oportunidades para identificar los elementos principales de la flora y la fauna. La historia, las culturas, la geografía y la incomparable biodiversidad de la región hacen de Arequipa un auténtico tesoro.
Sin embargo, la región de Arequipa es extremadamente seca. Lo cual no es obstáculo para que vivan allí en torno a un millón y medio de personas que deben hacer un uso muy inteligente del agua, el recurso más valioso y escaso. El uso ancestral del agua por los Incas se ha convertido en una sobrexplotación insostenible. Además, el cambio climático está haciendo retroceder los glaciares a gran velocidad, de forma que en las tres últimas décadas se ha perdido entre un 20 y un 80% de la superficie cubierta de hielo permanente en las cumbres de los volcanes. El volcán Misti (5822 m), por ejemplo, símbolo de la ciudad de Arequipa, perdió su glaciar en 1985. Los ríos que bajan de las montañas muestran altos niveles de contaminación por la falta de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y por los vertidos indiscriminados desde la industria y los hogares. Además, en pleno desierto, se practican actividades de agricultura intensiva a gran escala, derrochando agua y contaminando con agroquímicos una impresionante extensión. El agua se vuelve cada día mas escasa, pero lejos de responder y adaptarse a esta nueva realidad, la población permanece de espaldas a este problema y los proyectos agroindustriales y urbanísticos proliferan y amenazan la sostenibilidad ambiental de la zona. El problema del agua se ve amplificado por las distintas formas de contaminación. La pobreza de buena parte de la población hace difícil la toma de conciencia y la implementación de estrategias de adaptación y mitigación del cambio global en general y del cambio climático en particular.

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Destacados

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1. Conociendo Arequipa (Perú)…

[/fusion_title][fusion_text columns=»» column_min_width=»» column_spacing=»» rule_style=»default» rule_size=»» rule_color=»» content_alignment_medium=»» content_alignment_small=»» content_alignment=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» sticky_display=»normal,sticky» class=»» id=»» margin_top=»» margin_right=»» margin_bottom=»» margin_left=»» font_size=»» fusion_font_family_text_font=»» fusion_font_variant_text_font=»» line_height=»» letter_spacing=»» text_color=»» animation_type=»» animation_direction=»left» animation_speed=»0.3″ animation_offset=»»]Nuestra expedición Ampato 2022 comenzó el 9 de enero en la ciudad de Arequipa, capital de la región del mismo nombre, y segunda ciudad más importante de Perú. Fue un punto de partida estratégico para preparar la logística de la expedición, sobre todo para alquilar un buen vehículo todo terreno. El coche resultaría esencial para recorrer sendas prácticamente intransitables y cumplió. Eso sí, uno de los amortiguadores no regresaría entero.[/fusion_text][fusion_accordion type=»» boxed_mode=»no» border_size=»1″ border_color=»» background_color=»» hover_color=»» divider_line=»no» title_font_size=»» icon_size=»1″ icon_color=»» icon_boxed_mode=»» icon_box_color=»#ffffff» icon_alignment=»» toggle_hover_accent_color=»#96c346″ hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»seguir_leyendo»][fusion_toggle title=»Seguir leyendo…» open=»no» class=»» id=»leer_mas_2″]

La expedición estuvo compuesta por Adrian Escudero, catedrático de ecología de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, por Jose Angel Escudero, Valentín Alfaya y yo. Perú es el tercer país del mundo más vulnerable al cambio climático, con su sistema de glaciares tropicales en desintegración. Es de los lugares más áridos de la Tierra y la gestión del agua es nefasta. El volcán Misti, símbolo de la ciudad de Arequipa, perdió en 1985 totalmente su glaciar, y los demás glaciares van por el mismo camino. Buena parte de esa agua va a parar a regadíos insostenibles en mitad del desierto, y otra buena parte fluye contaminada en sistemas de abastecimiento que apenas cuentas con instalaciones de depuración. Evidentemente, el agua de grifo no puede beberse.

Arequipa es un departamento de 63.000 kilómetros cuadrados ubicado en el sur del Perú, con capital en la ciudad de Arequipa. Cuenta con 528 km de costas en el océano Pacífico y un millón y medio de habitantes, la mayoría en la capital. La mina Cerro Verde es parte importante de su economía. Le sigue en importancia económica la ciudad de Mollendo, por el puerto de Matarani, el turismo de playa, y, por supuesto, la agricultura. Destaca el pueblo de Chivay, por su turismo, en pleno cañón del Colca, y el pueblo de Camaná en la costa, cerca del puerto de Quilca. El quechua sureño es el lenguaje co-oficial junto al castellano. Un 7% de la población es amerindio y más de un 60% mestiza. La región de Arequipa fue ocupada inicialmente por el imperio Wari y la cultura Churajón. En los valles del norte se desarrolló la cultura Chuquibamba, que se extendió hasta las provincias sureñas de Ayacucho y tuvo contactos con el Cusco.

Nos propusimos conocer los ecosistemas de esta amplia región y acercarnos a su estado de conservación y a sus principales amenazas. Pronto nos llamó la atención la proliferación de escombreras y vertederos, que acababan produciendo restos de basura esparcidos por extensas zonas, a muchos kilómetros de los centros urbanos.

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2. Preparándose para la altitud

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hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» sticky_display=»normal,sticky» class=»» id=»» content_align_medium=»» content_align_small=»» content_align=»left» size=»1″ font_size=»40px» animated_font_size=»» fusion_font_family_title_font=»Saira Condensed» fusion_font_variant_title_font=»500″ line_height=»» letter_spacing=»» text_shadow=»no» text_shadow_vertical=»» text_shadow_horizontal=»» text_shadow_blur=»0″ text_shadow_color=»» margin_top_medium=»» margin_right_medium=»» margin_bottom_medium=»» margin_left_medium=»» margin_top_small=»» margin_right_small=»» margin_bottom_small=»» margin_left_small=»» margin_top=»» margin_right=»» margin_bottom=»» margin_left=»» margin_top_mobile=»» margin_bottom_mobile=»» text_color=»#333333″ animated_text_color=»» highlight_color=»» style_type=»none» sep_color=»» link_color=»» link_hover_color=»» animation_type=»» animation_direction=»left» animation_speed=»0.3″ animation_offset=»»]

3. Las cuatro etapas

[/fusion_title][fusion_text columns=»» column_min_width=»» column_spacing=»» rule_style=»default» rule_size=»» rule_color=»» content_alignment_medium=»» content_alignment_small=»» content_alignment=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» sticky_display=»normal,sticky» class=»» id=»» margin_top=»» margin_right=»» margin_bottom=»» margin_left=»» font_size=»» fusion_font_family_text_font=»» fusion_font_variant_text_font=»» line_height=»» letter_spacing=»» text_color=»» animation_type=»» animation_direction=»left» animation_speed=»0.3″ animation_offset=»»]El punto principal de la expedición ambiental Ampato 2022 fue la realización de las cuatro etapas en las que, corriendo o trotando o andando, conectaríamos las orillas del océano Pacífico con la cima del volcán Ampato.[/fusion_text][fusion_accordion type=»» boxed_mode=»no» border_size=»1″ border_color=»» background_color=»» hover_color=»» divider_line=»no» title_font_size=»» icon_size=»1″ icon_color=»» icon_boxed_mode=»» icon_box_color=»#ffffff» icon_alignment=»» toggle_hover_accent_color=»#96c346″ hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»seguir_leyendo»][fusion_toggle title=»Seguir leyendo…» open=»no» class=»» id=»leer_mas_2″]

Un centenar de kilómetros y un desnivel de más de 6000 metros, por caminos, sendas y pistas poco transitadas, y con la asistencia de un vehículo todo terreno que vendría a recogernos y aprovisionarnos de agua, ropa y comida al final de cada recorrido. El desafío tenía un doble componente deportivo y de exploración de regiones remotas.

[fusion_lightbox type=»» full_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas.jpg» video_url=»» thumbnail_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas-320×200.jpg» alt_text=»» title=»Situación de Perú y la región de Arequipa.» description=»» class=»img_intro_cuatro_etapas» id=»»]

[/fusion_lightbox][fusion_lightbox type=»» full_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas-2.jpg» video_url=»» thumbnail_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas-2-320×200.jpg» alt_text=»» title=»Precipitación anual (en mm) en la región de Arequipa. Toda la zona es una gran aridez, que es máxima en la costa del Pacífico, donde la lluvia es prácticamente inexistente, y se atenúa hacia el noreste. Esta atenuación se debe a la altitud creciente de la cordillera de los Andes y a la influencia de la cuenca amazónica, que vierte al Atlántico y es mucho más húmeda.» description=»» class=»img_intro_cuatro_etapas» id=»»]

[/fusion_lightbox][fusion_lightbox type=»» full_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas-3.jpg» video_url=»» thumbnail_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas-3-320×200.jpg» alt_text=»» title=»Mapa de los principales ecosistemas de la región de Arequipa. En buena medida resultan del fuerte gradiente de elevación desde el Pacífico hacia las cumbres andinas en el norte y este. Los grandes ríos abren nuevas zonas ecológicas que, combinados con el gradiente de precipitaciones, generan un mosaico de ecosistemas. » description=»» class=»img_intro_cuatro_etapas» id=»»]

[/fusion_lightbox][fusion_lightbox type=»» full_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas-4.jpg» video_url=»» thumbnail_image=»https://valladares.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Las-cuatro-etapas-4-320×200.jpg» alt_text=»» title=»Mapa general de la zona abarcada por la Expedición Ampato 2022 con un trazado aproximado de la ruta seguida en las cuatro etapas desde el océano Pacífico a la cumbre del volcán Ampato.» description=»» class=»img_intro_cuatro_etapas» id=»»]

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4. El desafío ambiental

Perú es el tercer país del mundo en cuanto a vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. Mucho de su territorio es extremadamente árido y la gestión del agua es crucial. Pero no se hace con la mirada puesta en el futuro ni en la sostenibilidad de sus recursos.

En el recorrido de la Expedición Ampato 2022 atravesamos una buena parte de la región de Arequipa y tomamos nota de las amenazas y los desafíos ambientales que tiene este rincón andino. Por desgracia, muchas de las ayudas internacionales y mucho del capital extranjero no está sirviendo para conservar la valiosa biodiversidad sino para explotarla y acortar un futuro que ya está aquí.